Introduction to Program , Algorithm and Flowchart

Problem Solving

Programming ( Explain All Question in This Web Pages ) art of problem solving problem solving synonym What is problem solving? problem solving techniques collaborative problem solving problem solving methods which of these is an example of a college student practicing effective problem solving techniques?

A problem is a situation or matter that requires proper attention to be solved. Problem solving is a process of identifying a problem and finding its best solution. It is a skill that can be developed by following a well-organized approach. People solve different problems every day. Every problem is different in its nature Some problems are very difficult and require more attention to identify the solution. Different solutions of a problem can be identified and the best solution is selected.

Different strategies, techniques and tools are used to solve a problem. Computer is used as a tool to solve complex problems by developing computer programs. Computer programs contain different instructions for the computer. A programmer writes instructions and computer executes these instructions to solve a problem. A person can be good programmer if he has the skill of solving problems.

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Define problem solving?

Problem solving is a process of identifying a problem and finding the best solution for it. It is a skill that can be developed by following a well organized approach. Every problem is different in its nature. Different solutions of a problem are identified and the best solution is selected.

Is it necessary for an algorithm to solve problem in finite number of steps? If yes,
why?

Yes, it is necessary for an algorithm to solve problem in finite number of steps. The reason is that the solution of any problem may not consist of infinite steps. The algorithm has a clear start and end The solution is found when all steps of an algorithm are performed in a sequence from start to end.

What is the disadvantage of not specifying the requirements to solve a problem?

It is not possible to find the correct solution of a problem if the requirements are not specified clearly. Many users cannot explain the exact requirements of the software. The confusing requirements in the mind of user may lead to a wrong solution.

Can a person be a good programmer if he is expert in problem solving?

Programming is a problem solving activity performed with the help of computer system. A programmer writes instructions in programming language and computer executes these instructions to solve a problem. A person can be a good programmer if he is expert in problem solving.

Why is it important to identify a problem?

Problem identification is an important step to find the correct solution of a problem. A. problem cannot be solved if it is not identified correctly in this stage, the problem is observed carefully and major areas of concern are identified. The irrelevant information is removed in this step

Why is it important to specify requirements to solve a problem?

The requirement specification is a very important step to solve a problem. The user requirements are specified clearly in this stage so that a proper solution can be suggested. A requirements document is prepared that describes the expected features of the system. It contains the details of the system that will be designed and used.

Problem Solving Steps

Different problem-solving techniques are as follows:

• Program

• Algorithm

• Flowchart

What is Program

These questions are explained in detail below: (Programming) What is Program ? soundboard (computer program) what is program development? what is program evaluation?

A set of instructions that tells a computer what to do is called program A computer works according to the given instructions in the program. Computer programs are written in programming languages. A person who develops a program is called programmer. The programmers use different programming languages or tools to write computer programs. The programs instruct the computer how to solve the problem.

Explain the process of writing program in solving a problem.

The process of writing a program is a very important step in solving a problem. In this step, an algorithm is converted into a program. A program is a set of instructions written in a programming language. The program consists of different steps given in the algorithm. The problem is solved when the computer executes the program.

State the purpose of testing a program.

The purpose of testing a program is to verify the accuracy of a program. The program is tested by executing it again and again. All bugs in the program are detected and removed during program testing. It ensures that the program gives desired results and the problem is solved correctly.

Why a program should be maintained and updated?

A program should be maintained and updated continuously. It includes the upgrading of the program to meet new requirements of hardware and software. The program is modified if there is any change in user requirements. The continuous usefulness of a program depends on regular maintenance.

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Advantages of Computer Program

Different advantages of computer program are as follows

• Computer program can solve many problems by giving instructions to the computer.

• It can be used to perform a task repeatedly and quickly.

• It can process a large amount of data easily.

• It can display the results in different styles.

• The processing of a program is more efficient and less time consuming.

• Different types of programs are used in different fields to perform certain tasks.

Discuss the advantages of computer program.

A program can solve many problems by giving instructions to the computer. It can be used to perform a task repeatedly and quickly. A program can process a large amount of data easily. It can display the results in different styles. The processing of a program is more efficient and less time consuming. Different types of programs are used in different fields to perform certain tasks.

Describe the important of analyzing a problem.

The process of analyzing a problem is very important. In this step, a problem is divided into smaller parts. The smaller parts are solved independently. The process of problem solving becomes simpler and easier with this method.

Algorithms and Pseudo Code

These questions are explained in detail below: (Programming ) what are algorithms algorithms definition search algorithms ai algorithms genetic algorithms pll algorithms how to write pseudo code pseudo code generator pseudo code examples

An algorithm is a step-by-step procedure to solve a problem. The process of solving a problem becomes simpler and easier with the help of algorithm. It is better to write an algorithm before writing the actual computer program.

Pseudo code is similar to simple English. It is used to write algorithms. There is no standard to write pseudo code. The use of pseudo code allows the programmer to focus on the logic of the program.

Pseudo code specifies the program logic. It also specifies different steps required to solve the problem and the sequence of these steps. The program logic is independent of any particular programming language. The program can be written in any programming. Language after the logic is finalized.

Which language is used to write algorithms?

Algorithms are written in a language, which is similar to simple English. This language is known as pseudo language. Pseudo code is used to specify program logic in an English like manner that is independent of any particular programming language.

Properties of Algorithm

Some important properties of an algorithm are as follows

• The given problem should be broken down into simple and meaningful steps.

• The steps should be numbered sequentially.

• The steps should be descriptive and written in simple English.

Example 1

The following algorithm finds the sum, product and average of five numbers

1 Start

2. Input five numbers a, b, c, d, e

3. Calculate Sum = a+b+c+d+e

4. Calculate Product = a*b*c*d*e

5. Calculate Average = Sum/5

6. Print Sum, Product , Avgerage

7. End

Example 2

The following algorithm finds acceleration of a moving object with given mass and the force applied. 

Hint: Formula is A=F/M where F is the force and M is the mass.

1 Start

2. Input force, mass

3. Calculate acc force/mass

4 Print acc

5 End

Example 3

The following algorithm finds the volume of a sphere.

Hint: Formula is V=4/3*Pi*R^3 where R is the radius of a sphere.

1 Start

2. Input radius in R

3. Set pie = 3.14

4 Calculate volume =4/3 pie*R*R'R

5. Print volume

6. End

Example 4

The following algorithm converts the temperature from Celsius to Fahrenheit and vic versa:

1. Start
2. Input temperature in temp and option in op
3. If op = 1 Then 
Calculate  r=9/5*temp+32 
Else 
Calculate r=5/9* (temp-32)
4. Print r
5. End

What is algorithm ? List any three properties of an algorithm.

An algorithm is a step-by-step procedure to solve a problem. 

Three properties are as follows:

1. The given problem should be broken down into simple and meaningful steps.
2. The steps should be numbered sequentially.
3. The steps should be descriptive and written in simple English.

What is the role of algorithm in solving a problem?

An algorithm plays an important role in solving a problem. It is the plan for solving the problem. It helps the user to find the solution of the problem. The process of solving a problem becomes simpler and easier with the help of an algorithm.

Advantages of Algorithms

Some advantages of algorithm are as follows.

1. Reduced Complexity

The process of writing algorithm and program separately is less complex as the overall task is divided into two simpler tasks. The user can focus on solving the problem while writing the algorithm instead of concentrating on a particular language.

2. Increased Flexibility

Algorithm allows the user to write the code in any programming language. The logic of the algorithm can be used to write the program different programming language such as Visual Basic, Java or C++.

3. Ease of Understanding

An algorithm can be understood easily. It describes the logic of a solution in simple language that is similar to English. It is not necessary to know any specific programming language to understand an algorithm.

What are advantages of algorithms?

Some advantages of using pseudo code to specify an algorithm are as follows:

 Reduced Complexity: 

Writing algorithm and program separately simplifies the overall task by dividing it into two simpler tasks. While writing the algorithm, we can focus on solving the problem instead of concentrating on a particular language.

Increased Flexibility:

Algorithm is written so that the code may be written in any language. Using the algorithm, the program could be written in Visual Basic. Java or C++ etc Ease of Understanding You don't have to understand a particular programming language to understand an algorithm. It is written in an English like manner.

Flowchart

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Flowchart is a graphical representation of the solution of a problem. It shows the sequence of the steps required to solve a problem. It presents the flow of data, the operations performed on data and the sequence of these operations. A flowchart is designed according to the defined rules Different symbols are used in flowcharts to represent different operations and their flow.

A flowchart is an important tool for analyzing the processes. It allows the user to easily understand different operations and their relationship. It helps the user to solve a problem easily The process of writing the program becomes easier with the help of flowchart.

Advantages of Flowchart

Some important advantages of flowchart are as follows:

1. The logic of an algorithm can be described more effectively using flowchart.
2. A flowchart is part of design document that makes program maintenance easier.
3. The flowchart acts like a guide for program development.
4. The flowchart helps the programmer in writing the program.
5. The flowchart also helps in finding and removing errors in the program.

Flowchart Symbols

Flowchart uses simple symbols to show different types of statements:

1. Input / Output

Parallelogram symbol is used to represent an input or output step. The input statement is used to get input from the user The output statement is used to display a message or value for the user.

Example :

Input the number 

cin>>number;

Print the number (out put)

cout<<number;

2. Process

Rectangle symbol is used to represent a process step A process may be a complex calculation or simply an assignment statement.

Sum = A + B

3. Selection

Diamond symbol is used to represent a selection step. A condition is given in the diamond symbol. The flow of control from diamond may go in two directions. One direction is used if the condition is true and the second direction is used if the condition is false.

N>100 and X<200

4. Start/End

Oval symbol is used to represent the start or end of the flowchart.

5. Flow Lines

Arrow symbols are used to represent the, direction of flow in the flowchart. There are four types of flow lines.

6. Connector

Circle symbol is used to combine different flow lines It is used when two or more flow symbols come from different directions and move to one direction.

7. Function Call

Rectangle symbol with double lines on left and right sides is used to call a function The name of function with parameters is written inside the symbol.

Preparation

This symbol is used with for loops to specify start and stop conditions.

What is flowchart?

Flowchart is a graphical representation of the solution of a problem. Standard symbols are used to represent different steps of solution. These symbols are linked together with arrows to show the flow of program.

Why flowchart is important for writing computer program?

Flowchart is important for writing computer program because it helps to understand the logic of problem solution. The program can be written easily in any programming language after flowchart has been designed. The programmer can easily follow the steps of flowchart.

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Guidelines for Drawing Flowchart

Different guidelines for drawing a flowchart are as follows:

1. The direction of the flowchart should be from top to bottom or left to right.

2 The flowchart should start with Start symbol and end with End symbol.

3. The intersection of flow lines in the flowchart should be avoided.

4 Only one line should come out from process symbol.

5. Only one flow line must enter a decision symbol. However, two flow lines may come out of decision symbol for true and false answer.

6. Only one flow line is used with terminal symbol.

7 The flowchart should be clear and easy to understand.

8. A brief description should be written for each step in the flowchart. 

9. The connector should be used to reduce the number of flow lines if the flowchart

becomes complex.

10. The page numbers must be written clearly if a flowchart does not fit on one page.

What are the uses of flowcharts?

Flowchart plays an important role in finding the solution of a problem. It is helpful in understanding the logic of the problem.

How is a flowchart constructed?

A flowchart is constructed by determining different requirements for the given problem. These requirements include input, processing, decision and output.

Limitations of Flowchart

The limitations of flowchart are as follows

1. It is difficult to draw flowcharts for complex problems.

2. The flowchart has to be redesigned if any change is required.

Example 1

The following flowchart finds the sum, product and average of five given numbers.

Difference between Flowchart and Algorithm

The difference between flowchart and algorithm is as follows:

Flowchart	Algorithm
Flowchart is designed using standard symbols.	Algorithm is written using simple English.
It is more time-consuming to design a flowchart.	It is less time-consuming to write an algorithm.
It is difficult to modify.	It is easier to modify
It is a graphical representation of solution	It is a step-by-step procedure to solve a problem.

Differentiate between flowchart and algorithm.

Flowchart consists of standard symbols but algorithm consists of simple English. Flowchart is more time-consuming but algorithm is less time-consuming. Flowchart is difficult to modify but algorithm is easier to modify.

Write any three guidelines for flowcharting.

Flowchart should be clear, neat and easy to follow. The flow of a flowchart should be from top to bottom. Only one flow line should enter and come out of the process symbol.

Which symbol is used to show processing in flowchart?

The rectangle is used to represent a processing or computational operation in the flowchart.

What is the purpose of parallelogram and rectangle symbol in flowchart?

Parallelogram is used to represent input or output step in the flowchart. Rectangle is used to represent a processing or computational operation in the flowchart.

Which symbol is used to start and end the flowchart?

The oval symbol is used to start and end the flowchart. It is also called terminal symbol. 

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